SpecificationsSecurity Specifications

Security Specifications Standards

Security protocols, encryption standards, and authentication methods

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Security Levels

Level 1 - Basic Security

Basic security with simple authentication methods

Low

Encryption:

Fixed Key / Simple XOR

Authentication:

Static Code

Key Length:

40-64 bits

Examples:

Basic Remote ControlsSimple Immobilizers

Applications:

Older Models (Pre-2005)
Basic Aftermarket Systems

Known Vulnerabilities:

Replay Attacks
Code Grabbing
Brute Force

Level 2 - Standard Security

Rolling code systems with moderate encryption

Medium

Encryption:

Rolling Code / KeeLoq

Authentication:

Challenge-Response

Key Length:

64-128 bits

Examples:

KeeLoq SystemsStandard Immobilizers

Applications:

Standard Models (2005-2015)
Most OEM Systems

Known Vulnerabilities:

Sophisticated Replay
Code Prediction

Level 3 - Advanced Security

AES encryption with advanced authentication

High

Encryption:

AES-128/256

Authentication:

PKI / Certificate-based

Key Length:

128-256 bits

Examples:

Smart Key SystemsAdvanced Immobilizers

Applications:

Modern Models (2015+)
Premium Systems

Known Vulnerabilities:

Side-channel Attacks
Implementation Flaws

Level 4 - Military Grade

Military-grade encryption with quantum resistance

Very High

Encryption:

AES-256 / ECC

Authentication:

Multi-factor / Biometric

Key Length:

256+ bits

Examples:

Next-gen Smart KeysMilitary Vehicles

Applications:

Future Systems
High-Security Applications

Known Vulnerabilities:

Quantum Computing (future)
Physical Access

Encryption Algorithms

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)

Key Size:

128, 192, 256 bits

Block Size:

128 bits

Type:

Symmetric Block Cipher

Strength:

Very High

Applications:

Modern Smart KeysPremium ImmobilizersSecure Communication

Advantages:

NIST Approved
Hardware Support
Fast Performance

Disadvantages:

Key Distribution
Implementation Complexity

KeeLoq

Key Size:

64 bits

Block Size:

32 bits

Type:

Block Cipher with Rolling Code

Strength:

Medium

Applications:

Remote ControlsGarage Door OpenersBasic Security

Advantages:

Low Power
Simple Implementation
Rolling Code

Disadvantages:

Known Vulnerabilities
Short Key Length
Predictable

Crypto-1

Key Size:

48 bits

Block Size:

Stream

Type:

Stream Cipher

Strength:

Low-Medium

Applications:

MIFARE ClassicSome TranspondersLegacy Systems

Advantages:

Fast
Low Resource
Widely Supported

Disadvantages:

Broken Algorithm
Short Key
Vulnerable

DST40

Key Size:

40 bits

Block Size:

Stream

Type:

Stream Cipher

Strength:

Low

Applications:

Texas Instruments TagsSome Car KeysLegacy Systems

Advantages:

Simple
Low Cost
Fast

Disadvantages:

Very Weak
Easily Broken
Deprecated

Authentication Methods

Static Code Authentication

Fixed code transmitted for authentication

Security Level:

Low

Implementation:

Simple

Applications:

Basic Remote ControlsSimple Access Systems

Vulnerabilities:

Replay Attacks
Code Grabbing
Eavesdropping

Rolling Code Authentication

Code changes with each transmission

Security Level:

Medium

Implementation:

Moderate

Applications:

Car Remote ControlsGarage Door Openers

Vulnerabilities:

Code Prediction
Desynchronization
Jamming

Challenge-Response Authentication

Dynamic challenge with cryptographic response

Security Level:

High

Implementation:

Complex

Applications:

Immobilizer SystemsSmart CardsSecure Access

Vulnerabilities:

Implementation Flaws
Side-channel Attacks

Certificate-based Authentication

PKI certificates for identity verification

Security Level:

Very High

Implementation:

Very Complex

Applications:

Smart Key SystemsConnected VehiclesEnterprise

Vulnerabilities:

Certificate Management
CA Compromise
Revocation

Brand Security Systems

Brand	System	Encryption	Authentication	Security Level	Notes
BMW	EWS / CAS	AES-128	Challenge-Response	Level 3	Advanced security with rolling codes and encrypted communication
Honda	HISS	Proprietary	Challenge-Response	Level 2-3	Moderate to high security depending on model year
Yamaha	Immobilizer	Rolling Code	Static/Rolling	Level 2	Standard rolling code security with some advanced features
Ducati	Immobilizer	AES / Rolling Code	Challenge-Response	Level 2-3	Varies by model, newer models use advanced encryption
Kawasaki	KISS	Rolling Code	Challenge-Response	Level 2	Standard security with rolling code implementation
Suzuki	SISS	Rolling Code	Static/Rolling	Level 2	Standard immobilizer security with rolling codes

Security Best Practices

• Always use the highest security level supported by the system
• Regularly update security protocols and encryption keys
• Implement proper key management and storage procedures
• Monitor for security vulnerabilities and apply patches promptly
• Use multi-factor authentication where possible
• Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing

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